Tag: Eco-friendly Solutions

Coal Demand to Peak in 2024 and Begin to Fall in 2026: IEA Report

Demand for coal is predicted to decline beginning in 2026, according to the most recent coal market report — Coal 2023 Analysis and forecast to 2026 — from the International Energy Agency (IEA).

It is the first time the report has projected a drop, a press release from the IEA said.

“Today, coal remains the largest energy source for electricity generation, steelmaking and cement production – maintaining a central role in the world economy. At the same time, coal is the largest source of man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and curbing consumption is essential to meeting international climate targets,” the report said. “A historic turning point could arrive soon. The International Energy Agency’s latest projections see coal demand peaking within this decade under today’s policy settings, primarily as a result of the structural decline in coal use in developed economies and a weaker economic outlook for China, which has also pledged to reach a peak in CO2 emissions before 2030.”

The report projects coal demand globally will increase by 1.4 percent this year, for the first time surpassing 9.37 billion tons, the press release said. The increase hides large differences between regions; most advanced economies are set to see a decline in consumption this year, including record reductions in the United States and the European Union of approximately 20 percent each. At the same time, developing and emerging economies will see continued strong demand for coal, with a five percent increase in China and an eight percent increase in India because of weak contributions from hydropower and an increasing electricity demand.

The report predicts coal demand to fall globally by 2.3 percent by 2026, as compared to 2023 levels, even if governments do not announce and implement more strict climate and clean energy policies. The decline in reliance on coal will be driven by renewable energy capacity expansion up to 2026.

“We have seen declines in global coal demand a few times, but they were brief and caused by extraordinary events such as the collapse of the Soviet Union or the Covid-19 crisis. This time appears different, as the decline is more structural, driven by the formidable and sustained expansion of clean energy technologies,” said Keisuke Sadamori, IEA’s director of energy markets and security.

More than half of the expansion of renewable energy will happen in China, which also accounts for more than half the global demand for coal. Because of this change, coal demand in the country is predicted to decrease next year and reach a plateau through 2026. China’s coal forecast will be affected greatly by the deployment rate of clean energy, structural shifts in the economy and weather conditions in the coming years.

“The report finds that the shift in coal demand and production to Asia is accelerating. This year, China, India and Southeast Asia are set to account for three-quarters of global consumption, up from only about one-quarter in 1990. Consumption in Southeast Asia is expected to exceed for the first time that of the United States and that of the European Union in 2023,” the press release said. 

It is projected that the three biggest coal producers in the world — Indonesia, China and India — will break production records this year, moving global output to a record high. The three nations are responsible for upwards of 70 percent of the world’s coal production.

“Through 2026, India and Southeast Asia are the only regions where coal consumption is poised to grow significantly. In advanced economies, the expansion of renewables amid weak electricity demand growth is set to continue driving the structural decline of coal consumption,” according to the press release.

The report said global consumption is predicted to continue to be well over 8.82 billion tons through 2026. In order to decrease emissions at a rate in keeping with Paris Agreement goals, relentless coal use would need to fall much more quickly.

“A turning point for coal is clearly on the horizon – though the pace at which renewables expand in key Asian economies will dictate what happens next, and much greater efforts are needed to meet international climate targets,” Sadamori said.

The post Coal Demand to Peak in 2024 and Begin to Fall in 2026: IEA Report appeared first on EcoWatch.

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Earth911 Podcast: Nikki Batchelor and Mike Leitch Share XPRIZE Carbon Removal Progress

How do you kickstart an industry? The $100 million XPrize for Carbon Removal recently announced…

The post Earth911 Podcast: Nikki Batchelor and Mike Leitch Share XPRIZE Carbon Removal Progress appeared first on Earth911.

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Why people still fall for fake news about climate change

In 1995, a leading group of scientists convened by the United Nations declared that they had detected a “human influence” on global temperatures with “effectively irreversible” consequences. In the coming decades, 99.9 percent of scientists would come to agree that burning fossil fuels had disrupted the Earth’s climate.

Yet almost 30 years after that warning, during the hottest year on Earth in 125,000 years, people are still arguing that the science is unreliable, or that the threat is real but we shouldn’t do anything about climate change. Conspiracies are thriving online, according to a report by the coalition Climate Action Against Disinformation released last month, in time for the U.N. climate conference in Dubai. Over the past year, posts with the hashtag #climatescam have gotten more likes and retweets on the platform known as X than ones with #climatecrisis or #climateemergency. 

By now, anyone looking out the window can see flowers blooming earlier and lakes freezing later. Why, after all this time, do 15 percent of Americans fall for the lie that global warming isn’t happening? And is there anything that can be done to bring them around to reality? New research suggests that understanding why fake news is compelling to people can tell us something about how to defend ourselves against it.

People buy into bad information for different reasons, said Andy Norman, an author and philosopher who co-founded the Mental Immunity Project, which aims to protect people from manipulative information. Due to quirks of psychology, people can end up overlooking inconvenient facts when confronted with arguments that support their beliefs. “The more you rely on useful beliefs at the expense of true beliefs, the more unhinged your thinking becomes,” Norman said. Another reason people are drawn to conspiracies is that they feel like they’re in on a big, world-transforming secret: Flat Earthers think they’re seeing past the illusions that the vast majority don’t.

The annual U.N. climate summits often coincide with a surge in misleading information on social media. As COP28 ramped up in late November, conspiracy theories circulated claiming that governments were trying to cause food shortages by seizing land from farmers, supposedly using climate change as an excuse. Spreading lies about global warming like these can further social divisions and undermine public and political support for action to reduce emissions, according to the Climate Action Against Disinformation report. It can also lead to harassment: Some 73 percent of climate scientists who regularly appear in the media have experienced online abuse.

Part of the problem is the genuine appeal of fake news. A recent study in Nature Human Behavior found that climate change disinformation was more persuasive than scientific facts. Researchers at the University of Geneva in Switzerland had originally intended to see if they could help people fend off disinformation, testing different strategies on nearly 7,000 people from 12 countries, including the United States, India, and Nigeria. Participants read a paragraph intended to strengthen their mental defenses — reminders of the scientific consensus around climate change, the trustworthiness of scientists, or the moral responsibility to act, for example. Then they were subjected to a barrage of 20 real tweets that blamed warming on the sun and the “wavy” jet stream, spouted conspiracies about “the climate hoax devised by the U.N.,” and warned that the elites “want us to eat bugs.” 

The interventions didn’t work as hoped, said Tobia Spampatti, an author of the study and a neuroscience researcher at the University of Geneva. The flood of fake news — meant to simulate what people encounter in social media echo chambers — had a big effect. Reading the tweets about bogus conspiracies lowered people’s belief that climate change was happening, their support for action to reduce emissions, and their willingness to do something about it personally. The disinformation was simply more compelling than scientific facts, partly because it plays with people’s emotions, Spampatti said (eliciting anger toward elites who want you to eat bugs, for example). The only paragraph that helped people recognize falsehoods was one that prompted them to evaluate the accuracy of the information they were seeing, a nudge that brought some people back to reality.

Photo of people holding protetst signs about the media masking the truth and the climate emergency being a scam
Conspiracy theorists protest at busy roundabout in the village of Martlesham in Suffolk, England, September 18, 2022.
Geography Photos / UCG / Universal Images Group via Getty Images

The study attempted to use “pre-bunking,” a tactic to vaccinate people against fake news. While the effort flopped, Norman said that doesn’t mean it shows “inoculation” is ineffective. Spampatti and other researchers’ effort to fortify people’s mental defenses used a new, broader approach to pre-bunking, trying to protect against a bunch of lines of disinformation at once, that didn’t work as well as tried-and-true inoculation techniques, according to Norman.

Norman says it’s crucial that any intervention to stop the spread of disinformation comes with a “weakened dose” of it, like a vaccine, to help people understand why someone might benefit from lying. For example, when the Biden administration learned of Russia’s President Vladimir Putin’s plans to invade Ukraine in late 2021, the White House began warning the world that Russia would push a false narrative to justify the invasion, including staging a fake, graphic video of a Ukrainian attack on Russian territory. When the video came out, it was quickly dismissed as fake news. “It was a wildly successful attempt to inoculate much of the world against Putin’s preferred narrative about Ukraine,” Norman said.

For climate change, that approach might not succeed — decades of oil-funded disinformation campaigns have already infected the public. “It’s really hard to think about someone who hasn’t been exposed to climate skepticism or disinformation from fossil fuel industries,” said Emma Frances Bloomfield, a communication professor at the University of Nevada, Los Vegas. “It’s just so pervasive. They have talking heads who go on news programs, they flood media publications and the internet, they pay lobbyists.”

Bloomfield argues that disinformation sticks for a reason, and that simply telling the people who fall for it that there’s a scientific consensus isn’t enough. “They’re doubting climate change because they doubt scientific authorities,” Bloomfield said. “They’re making decisions about the environment, not based on the facts or the science, but based on their values or other things that are important to them.”

While political identity can explain some resistance to climate change, there are other reasons people dismiss the evidence, as Bloomfield outlines in her upcoming book Science v. Story: Narrative Strategies for Science Communicators. “In the climate change story, we’re the villains, or at least partially blameworthy for what’s happening to the environment, and it requires us to make a lot of sacrifices,” Bloomfield said. “That’s a hard story to adopt because of the role we’re playing within it.” Accepting climate change, to some degree, means accepting inner conflict. You always know you could do more to lower your carbon footprint, whether that’s ditching meat, refusing to fly, or wearing your old clothes until they’re threadbare and ratty.

By contrast, embracing climate denial allows people to identify as heroes, Bloomfield said. They don’t have to do anything differently, and might even see driving around in a gas-guzzling truck as part of God’s plan. It’s a comforting narrative, and certainly easier than wrestling with ethical dilemmas or existential dread.

Photo of protesters holding a sign that says armed only with peer-reviewed science
Protesters march after a demonstration near Heathrow Airport west of London, August 20, 2007.
Ben Stansall / AFP via Getty Images

Those seeking to amplify tensions around climate change or spread doubt, such as fossil fuel companies, social media trolls, and countries like Russia and China, get a lot of bang for their buck. “It’s a lot easier and cheaper to push doubt than to push certainty,” Bloomfield said. Oil companies including Shell, ExxonMobil, and BP spent about $4 million to $5 million on Facebook ads related to social issues and politics this year, according to the Climate Action Against Disinformation report. To sow doubt, you only need to arouse some suspicion. Creating a bullet-proof case for something is much harder — it might take thousands of scientific studies (or debunking hundreds of counterarguments one by one, as Grist did in 2006).

The most straightforward way to fight disinformation would be to stop it from happening in the first place, Spampatti said. But even if regulators were able to get social media companies to try to stop the spread of conspiracy theories and falsehoods, dislodging them is a different story.  One promising approach, “deep canvassing,” seeks to persuade people through nonjudgmental, one-on-one conversations. The outreach method, invented by LGBTQ+ advocates, involves hearing people’s concerns and helping them work through their conflicted feelings. (Remember how accepting climate change means accepting you might be a tiny part of the problem?)

Research has shown that deep canvassing isn’t just successful at reducing transphobia, but also that its effects can last for months, a long time compared to other interventions. The strategy can work for other polarizing problems, too, based on one experiment in a rural metal-smelting town in British Columbia. After convincing several local governments across the West Kootenay region to shift to 100 percent renewable energy, volunteers with the nonprofit Neighbors United kept running into difficulties in the town of Trail, where they encountered distrust of environmentalists. They spoke to hundreds of residents, listening to their worries about losing jobs, finding common ground, and telling personal stories about climate change like friends would, instead of debating the facts like antagonists. A stunning 40 percent of residents shifted their beliefs, and Trail’s city council voted in 2022 to shift to 100 percent renewable energy by 2050.

Both facts and stories have a place, Bloomfield said. For conservative audiences, she suggests that climate advocates move away from talking about global systems and scientists with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — a “nameless, faceless, nebulous group of people” — and toward local matters and people they actually know. Getting information from friends, family, and other trusted individuals can really help.

“They’re not necessarily as authoritative as the IPCC,” Bloomfield said. “But it helps you connect with that information, and you trust that person, so you trust that information that they’re resharing.”

This story was originally published by Grist with the headline Why people still fall for fake news about climate change on Dec 18, 2023.

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A huge EV factory is coming to west Tennessee. Here’s how locals are ensuring they benefit.

“Blue Oval City” sounds like some kind of fantastic, utopian megalopolis of the future. In reality, it’s a massive automotive manufacturing complex that will provide several links in the EV supply chain. The joint venture, between Ford and Korean company SK Innovation, promises 6,000 good-paying jobs for residents of the small, rural communities around Stanton, Tennessee. Many expect it to benefit surrounding towns like Covington, Brownsville, and Jackson as well, while reaching south into Mississippi and north into Kentucky, too.   

But the multibillion-dollar project raises complicated feelings for many in the working-class, largely Black communities that dot the farm country and marshy bottoms of west Tennessee. They pride themselves on a slower way of life, and feel lucky to have good drinking water from a reliable aquifer. Development on such a large scale will, they fear, change the community, suck up water and electricity, and prompt an influx of newcomers and development. 

They are only the latest to face uncertainties with energy transition projects, which, from solar fields to wind farms, have prompted reservations about their size, industrial activity, and environmental impacts. But rather than accept their fate, the constellation of towns orbiting Stanton are sitting down with Ford and SK to negotiate a binding agreement that will ensure they benefit from Blue Oval City as much as the companies do. 

During a series of community meetings held over the past few months, the coalition has drafted a list of stipulations, called a community benefits agreement, that it wants Ford/Blue Oval SK to abide by. It is asking for community resources like youth facilities, support for road maintenance, and apprenticeship pathways run by local union chapters. It also seeks a binding assurance that the joint venture will dispose of its waste properly. And although Ford has announced many community programs, local residents want the automaker to give them some say in such things. 

“They didn’t really reach out,” Michael Adriaanse, who serves on the committee drafting the agreement, said of Ford’s efforts. “I know a lot of people who feel like it happened overnight.” 

So how does such a process begin? Generally with meetings that bring stakeholders together to draw up a list of demands in a broad public conversation the company cannot ignore. 

“The argument a community can make is, ‘If you want our resources, you have to contribute back to the health and welfare of the community you’re gonna be a part of now,’” said Kathleen Mulltigan, who leads the National Labor Leadership Initiative at Cornell University. “What we’re really trying to do is bring real democracy into the economic realm, because a lot of the work of shaping the economy happens without workers having any voice in it.”

Ultimately, community benefits agreements, or CBAs, are a contract between a corporation and a coalition of local organizations that gives the community, through binding arbitration, leverage to ensure the commitments are kept.

Historically, CBAs have been used by those impacted by the entertainment and sports industries, which tend to get big municipal tax breaks and public funding. Some of the first were negotiated in Los Angeles in the early 2000s to address, separately, a sports arena and an entertainment district. After exhaustive negotiations, residents achieved many of their goals, including higher wages, guaranteed affordable housing, and revolving loans for local business. CBAs have since spread nationwide, with folks in Nashville negotiating a high wage floor, onsite childcare, and other provisions at Geodis Park, a $275 million stadium being built for the Nashville SC soccer team.

Now, CBAs are increasingly being used to address clean energy developments. According to the Sabine Climate Change Law Center at Columbia University, more than a dozen have been signed since 2015, many of them in the last three years. The contracts resulted in projects agreeing to give preference to local hires, and in companies sharing revenue with the county in which they operate. An offshore wind facility in Maine even underwrote rural broadband access.

Vonda McDaniel, the president of the Central Labor Council of Nashville and Middle Tennessee, is helping to formulate Blue Oval agreement and plan town halls. The process has been lively. “We haven’t had a whole lot of wilting flowers that have showed up at our meetings, to be honest,” she said.

One reason for that is that locals already see changes. “The community is feeling a bit squeezed; there’s heavy equipment up and down the road every day,” said McDaniel.

Farmland counties in the region known as Middle Tennessee endured rapid urbanization when automakers arrived in Spring Hill, south of Nashville. As investment increased and people began moving in, housing costs skyrocketed. They’re beginning to creep up around Stanton, too. McDaniel says a CBA could forestall that.

“Community benefits agreements are based on the power and leverage that communities build within themselves,” she said. “They’re not just gonna give you a list of things you say you want.” In her mind, these agreements help ensure a measure of democracy in a part of the country where voter disenfranchisement, especially in rural, Black communities, is high and private interests have the ear of state government.

The Blue Oval project received a $9.2 billion loan from the Department of Energy. As clean energy funding and incentives have proliferated under the Inflation Reduction Act and bipartisan infrastructure law, much investment has gone to the Southeast and America’s vaunted EV “Battery Belt.” The region’s famously climate-unfriendly governors have opened their doors wide, with Tennessee Governor Bill Lee seemingly keen on snatching the automaking mantle from the Great Lakes. With $900 million in public incentives approved by the Tennessee legislature, it’s the largest single manufacturing investment in the state’s history.  

Amidst the green boom, many have speculated that a part of the South’s draw is its generally lax environmental and safety regulations. Tennessee is a “right-to-work” state; such locales typically support lower average wages. Tennessee’s preemption ordinance also prevents municipalities from enacting worker standards beyond what state law requires.  

This does not mean publicly supported clean energy projects in the South are doomed to a lower standard than those in other places. The president of the Nashville chapter of the United Auto Workers Union has promised that Blue Oval City will be a “union facility.” The Inflation Reduction Act and bipartisan infrastructure law require those seeking federal funding to submit a “community benefits plan” outlining how they will invest in domestic labor, local communities, and diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Although similar to CBAs, they’re not the same. Advocates of such arrangements say CBAs are needed to secure accountability and transparency, and to give communities direct input into projects that impact them.

Will Tucker works as the Southern Programs Manager with Jobs to Move America, a national labor advocacy nonprofit. It recently negotiated a CBA with New Flyer, an electric bus manufacturer in Anniston, Alabama, and Tucker feels confident this approach to the transition can work in the South.

“What sets a real community benefits agreement apart from a dressed up community outreach program by another name is the element of negotiations with the company,” he said. Though many companies will set aside funding for local sports leagues, schools, and the like, Tucker considers such moves more of a PR strategy than a way of giving the community power.  

If community organizations can present a united front, that pressure usually pushes the company to negotiate, though in some cases, protests and demonstrations heighten the stakes. Michael Adriaanse hopes such pressure will send the Blue Oval City CBA over the finish line. 

Ultimately, for a CBA to work, the company in question must sit down with the community. Adriaanse said the coalition invited Ford representatives to a town hall to discuss preliminary demands, but it didn’t work out. McDaniel speculated that the company’s ongoing negotiations with United Auto Workers, which recently concluded a strike, may have slowed some things down. There’s a long road ahead, but Adriaanse and McDaniel are hopeful that with a strong enough coalition, the company won’t be able to dodge any longer.

The coalition still plans to go to the table with Ford, with a complete draft of the agreement in hand, early in the new year. Even if the effort is not immediately successful, community members say, the relationships they’ve built with one another will only get stronger, leaving possibilities for further organizing open down the road.

This story was originally published by Grist with the headline A huge EV factory is coming to west Tennessee. Here’s how locals are ensuring they benefit. on Dec 18, 2023.

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Plan to stash planet-heating carbon dioxide under U.S. national forests alarms critics

This story was originally published Floodlight, a nonprofit newsroom that investigates the powerful interests stalling climate action. 

A proposal that would allow industries to permanently stash climate-polluting carbon dioxide beneath U.S. Forest Service land puts those habitats and the people in or near them at risk, according to opponents of the measure.

Chief among opponents’ concerns is that carbon dioxide could leak from storage wells or pipelines and injure or kill people and animals, as well as harm the trees in the forests and their habitat, said Victoria Bogdan Tejeda, attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity. 

“There are enough broad-ranging concerns with this rule that this isn’t the time to move forward and experiment when the consequences are so high,” said Bogdan Tejeda.

In 2020, a carbon dioxide pipeline ruptured in Mississippi, sending 49 people to the hospital. 

The debate about the proposal in the U.S. comes as the capture and storage of carbon to mitigate climate change was one of the talking points at the UN COP28 climate summit in Dubai. 

Concentrations of the gas, which is odorless and heavier than oxygen, can also prevent combustion engines from operating. Bodan Tejeda, of the Center for Biological Diversity, worries that people even a mile or two from a carbon dioxide leak could start suffocating and have no way to escape.

Proponents of the proposal, however, say storage can be managed safely, and such regulatory changes are needed to meet the nation’s climate goals. 

A man in jeans, a tee shirt and hard hat walks through high grass in a pine forest.
Forest technician Jacob Floyd walks through Palustris Experimental Forest, part of the Kisatchie National Forest in Louisiana in October 2023. Preston Keres/USDA Forest Service

“The geologic storage of CO2 beneath federal lands offers a significant opportunity to catalyze a domestic carbon management industry that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions while creating and maintaining high-paying jobs,” said Jessie Stolark, executive director of the Carbon Capture Coalition, a non-partisan collaboration of more than 100 companies, unions, conservation and environmental policy organizations.

Capturing carbon either from industrial processes that burn fossil fuels, or directly from the air, and storing it permanently underground is considered necessary to stave off the worst impacts of climate change under several scenarios. But not all underground spaces can permanently hold the carbon, which is injected hundreds of feet underground. So developers have been in a land grab of sorts in Louisiana, Texas, and elsewhere for suitable underground so-called pore space. 

Jim Furnish, a retired U.S. Forest Service deputy chief who consults on forestry issues, said he was startled by the proposal. He said it’s a reversal of historic Forest Service policy that only allows temporary use of forest service lands, usually for five to 20 years. 

More broadly, the measure would “provide a powerful incentive to continue to burn fossil fuels,” Furnish said. “It’s the opposite of a virtuous cycle.” 

Stolark says unless federal authorities provide clarity for carbon storage on federal lands, which comprise 30 percent of all U.S. surface lands, the nation will not be able to meet 2050 greenhouse gas reduction targets. 

The Forest Service manages about 193 million acres in the United States. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, about 130 million acres of suitable carbon storage is under federal land, including the Forest Service.

A closeup of a broken pipe in a hole.
A ruptured carbon dioxide pipeline near Satartia, Mississippi in 2020. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

The Forest Service said the Nov. 3 proposal would allow it to evaluate such permanent storage requests; it is not currently considering any specific proposals to store carbon under its lands. A spokesman said the agency previously received and denied applications for underground carbon storage on two forests in the South, an epicenter for carbon capture and storage proposals.

Any such project would have to follow U.S. environmental laws, the service said. The Environmental Protection Agency would regulate the wells under its underground injection well program. 

If the rule is finalized, disruptions to forests would begin long before any carbon dioxide was piped underground, said June Sekera, an economist and policy researcher at Boston University and The New School who has been studying carbon capture. 

Drilling rigs and heavy equipment would be brought into forests to evaluate whether the spaces under the forests were suitable for carbon storage. Trees would have to come down to make way for that equipment, and many more trees would likely be felled to make way for the pipelines. Infrastructure for the injection wells would be permanent, she said.

“All of the other recreation and human uses of these forests are at odds with this type of use because this type of use is dangerous,” said Laura Haight, U.S. policy director at Partnership for Policy Integrity, which focuses on forest issues.

Almost 200 carbon capture and storage projects have been proposed in the United States in the last five years, many spurred in the past year by increased incentives in the Inflation Reduction Act intended to address global warming. 

The Forest Service, when contacted, did not respond to a question of how those incentives of up to $180 per ton of carbon stored would be handled if the carbon were injected under federal lands.

About 140 groups have asked the Forest Service to extend the 60-day public comment period on the proposal, which now ends January 2, for another 60 days. It would be, according to the groups, the first time the United States would permit CO2 to be injected under federal lands. 

U.S. Rep. Jared Huffman, R-Calif., ranking member of the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Water, Wildlife and Fisheries, said he also intends to call for an extension of the comment period. Huffman called the measure a “sacrifice of public lands as a life support for fossil fuels.”

This story was originally published by Grist with the headline Plan to stash planet-heating carbon dioxide under U.S. national forests alarms critics on Dec 17, 2023.

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‘A matter of survival’: India’s unstoppable need for air conditioners

This story was originally published by The Guardian and is reproduced here as part of the Climate Desk collaboration.

For Muskan, the arrival of summer in Delhi is the “beginning of hell.” As temperatures in her cramped, densely populated east Delhi neighborhood often soar above 45 degrees Celsius (113 Fahrenheit), she dreams of only one thing: air conditioning.

During the day, in the tiny, windowless kitchen where she cooks for her family, she often feels like she will collapse from the heat and her health deteriorates. Nights are even more painful. Sleep becomes almost impossible in their single-room apartment.

Her three children, sticky and uncomfortable, cry out begging to be cooled down, and she wakes every five minutes to douse them and herself with cold water and wet scarves.

The single fan hanging from the flaking yellow ceiling does little to ease their woes and the putrid stench from the sewage and festering rubbish means opening a window is impossible. In any case, as she points out: “It’s usually even hotter outside.”

In her previous marriage, the 30-year-old had tasted the sweet relief of air conditioning in Delhi’s increasingly blistering summers. But after her husband died, her family remarried her to a scrap dealer, whose earnings are barely enough to pay for rent and food. The costs involved in renting or buying an air conditioner (AC) are far beyond their means, yet she fears for her family without one.

“I can’t keep seeing my children suffer like this,” she says. “I keep promising that next summer we will get an AC but the reality is I know we can’t afford it. But as more and more people around us buy ACs, the hotter it gets outside. Soon, I don’t know how we will survive.”

India’s market for ACs is growing faster than almost anywhere else in the world. A mixture of rising incomes, rising temperatures in an already hot and humid climate, and increasing affordability and access are driving more and more Indians towards buying or renting one as soon as they can afford it – and sometimes even when they cannot.

Between 8 percent and 10 percent of the country’s 300 million households – home to 1.4 billion people – have an AC, but that number is expected to hit close to 50 percent by 2037, according to government projections. A report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that by 2050, India will have more than 1 billion ACs in operation.

Vaibhav Chaturvedi, a fellow at the council on energy, environment and water, a Delhi thinktank, was among those who believed AC penetration would exceed all current predictions.

“Traditionally, air conditioning was viewed as a luxury commodity but not any more,” he said. “It is seen as a necessity to survive. The way the market is developing, it could be that 100 percent of households have AC by 2050.”

Others are more sceptical that ACs will become so widespread among India’s poor people, and have raised concerns that access to sufficient cooling, particularly to work, sleep, and stay healthy, could drive up the already rampant inequality in the country even further.

The problem of keeping cool in increasingly hotter temperatures — while not exacerbating the climate crisis in the process — is not India’s alone. Globally, AC numbers have increased to more than 2 billion. More than 20 percent of all the world’s electricity is used by fans or ACs, a proportion that is expected to soar further in coming years.

It could have significant implications for the global effort to keep temperature rises within 1.5 degrees C. Around the world, ACs are still largely inefficient and use a huge amount of electricity mostly generated by fossil fuels.

En masse, they can drive up outside temperatures as they pump out heat from indoors to outdoors. They contain chemical refrigerants which, if leaked, can be almost 1,500 times more environmentally destructive than CO2.

At this year’s UN COP28 climate summit, which took place in Dubai, the issue was at the forefront of discussions as some of the world’s largest economies signed up to the first ever global cooling pledge, led by the UN environment program.

So far, more than 60 signatories including the US, UK, Nigeria, and Brazil have signed on to cut their cooling emissions by 68 percent by 2050. India, however, has not joined.

There is little doubt in the minds of experts and citizens that India’s need for ACs is both essential and unstoppable. March 2022 was the hottest since 1901 and there were more than 200 heatwave days across the whole year. This February was the hottest in 122 years and in June a deadly heatwave in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar killed at least 100 people, which is probably a radical undercount.

In July, during the pre-monsoon humidity in Delhi the wet bulb temperature hit a record high of 30 degrees C — when it hits 35 degrees C, the human body, no matter how healthy, can not survive for more than a few hours as it can no longer cool itself down.

Experts commonly point to “cooling degree days” to demonstrate India’s overwhelming – and largely unmet — requirement for cooling: a figure calculated by the number of hours in a day that temperatures go above 18 degrees C.

By this calculation, India has more than 3,000 cooling degree days per year, one of the highest in the world. If applied to all 1.4 billion people in the country, it comes to more than 3 trillion annually — a figure four times higher than China and five times higher than the US.

“People are going to buy ACs, that’s a given,” says Satish Kumar, president and executive director of the Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy.

“The latent demand for cooling is massive. What we have to focus on is how to chart a more sustainable and energy efficient path, one where air conditioning is not the be all and end all solution.”

Extreme heat is particularly problematic in cities such as Delhi, home to 32 million people, where the number of hot days is expected to increase by 33 percent, heatwaves will be 30 times more likely and overall temperatures could rise by as much as 5 degrees C. By 2028, it will also become the most populous city on the planet, according to UN projections.

A phenomenon known as “urban heat islands” has already emerged across India’s capital. Here, surfaces of homes, roads and rooftops are predominantly covered with concrete, brick, steel and tarmac, which absorb and trap the heat. Homes are often high-rise buildings packed tightly together and there are few trees to provide shade.

With an increasing number of ACs also belching out hot air into these confined, unventilated urban areas, temperatures sometimes rise 6 degrees C above the city average.

In the congested alleyways of old Delhi, in a neighbourhood known as Chandni Chowk, historically people have had ways of adapting to Delhi’s hot summers. Kamla, 65, a chai seller, lives in a traditional courtyard home, about a century old, which has thick walls to keep the inside cool, as well as several terraces and an outdoor kitchen for ventilation. Though Chandni Chowk is deemed an urban heat island, and often becomes one of the hottest places in Delhi, in the hot summer months Kamla and her children and grandchildren rely only on a single fan and sleep outside at night.

“AC is not a necessity for me, I have lived with this heat all my life” she says. “It is difficult but it is life. But people are different now, they can’t bear the summers for even a few days. I have seen many people are buying ACs as a status symbol even when they can’t afford it.”

But in Shaheen Bagh, another heat island neighborhood in Delhi where people mostly live in small modern high-rise buildings, Nazim Khan, 54, who has run his AC-rental business for more than a decade, described the rise in temperatures, desperation and demand he had witnessed first-hand.

“It’s a matter of survival,” he says. “I would say 50 percent of the apartments in this neighborhood are unlivable without an AC: they are small with no windows or ventilation even for cooking. I see families making huge sacrifices to afford one.”

For most families in this neighborhood, renting a secondhand AC is the only affordable option, though it often leaves them with the most inefficient models, which come with much higher electricity costs and are more prone to leaking gas.

It has become common for several families or groups to collectively rent out an AC to share the cost and then all sleep together in a single room for the summer months.

Khan rents out each of his 50 ACs, which are more than eight years old, for 7,000 rupees ($84) for a season that runs from April to October. During those months, his team of laborers run around the city non-stop installing and repairing the machines, which often break down in the extreme temperatures.

“We are like emergency workers,” he said. “Every summer I see more people dying. They say it was from one disease or another but we all know that it’s the terrible heat that leads to their death.”

The vast amount of electricity that India’s growing number of ACs will require presents a significant challenge. Already during peak summertime hours, ACs have accounted for 40 percent to 60 percent of total power demand in the cities of Delhi and Mumbai. According to the IEA, by 2050, the amount of power India consumes solely for air conditioning is expected to exceed the total power consumption of all of Africa.

Most of this electricity is produced by burning coal, and while India’s capacity from renewables such as solar power is expanding, it is happening nowhere near as fast as the growth of the AC market, which will soon outpace all other household appliances.

India already struggles to meet its current power demand, with long power outages and load-shedding inflicted mostly on poorer districts during peak summer hours.

With peak demand likely to increase by another 60 percent in the next seven years – half of which would come from ACs, fans, and coolers – the government has also looked to boost coal production to help fill in the gaps, which is likely to drive up India’s CO2 emissions even as it commits to net zero by 2070.

Nonetheless, many are working to ensure that India does not become overwhelmed by its growing cooling demand. In 2019, the Indian government became the first in the world to implement a national cooling action plan, which was described as ambitious in scope even if the subsequent implementation is moving slowly.

Individual states such as Tamil Nadu have also recently announced their own. The efficiency of ACs, seen as crucial to reducing the energy demand, is also increasing faster every year thanks to various initiatives, which will gradually also make the secondhand market more efficient.

Yet Rajan Rawal, a professor in energy performance at CEPT University in Ahmedabad, was among those emphasizing that ACs should not be considered the only solution to staying cool. “Buildings and urban planning, urban design have an important role to play,” he says.

India’s cities may already be hot and overcrowded, but estimates say that the number of buildings in India is expected to double in the next 20 years.

As India undergoes this huge, largely unregulated development boom, vast numbers of new homes and buildings are being constructed in the cheapest and quickest way possible; mostly from brick, steel, and concrete, which can quickly turn homes to ovens in the summer.

Little thought is given how to keep them cool or ventilated, except by assuming residents will install an AC. Meanwhile, the materials traditionally used in India to build heat-deflecting houses are largely being neglected.

While new building efficiency codes have been introduced, they are not mandatory. In India’s market, where price drives everything, few developers are willing to voluntarily take on any extra cost or added time to make new homes more suitable to extreme heat. Even cheap measures such as painting roofs white to deflect heat are still not widespread.

“Modern buildings are not a good skin,” says Rawal. “They are inefficient and drive up temperatures. Wherever the possibility exists, we must build climate response-sustainable or energy-efficient buildings to reduce the individual need required to cool down.”

Rajan also said that growing over-reliance on ACs in India put people at risk of losing their high tolerance and adaptation to heat, which will become increasingly more vital in coming years.

“It is a scientific fact that we will have more and more heatwaves, more and more severe conditions,” he says. “What AC does is it stops providing an opportunity to adapt. If we don’t sweat, if we don’t shiver for a few minutes every day, we will land ourselves in trouble.”

Aakash Hassan contributed reporting.

This story was originally published by Grist with the headline ‘A matter of survival’: India’s unstoppable need for air conditioners on Dec 16, 2023.

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Denmark Introduces Green Tax on Airline Passengers

Denmark’s government announced that it is introducing a green tax on air travel, to be phased in starting in 2025.

The tax will be added to plane tickets, and the country is encouraging other European Union member states to follow its lead, reported AFP.

“The transport sector is currently undertaking a rapid green transition, and with this agreement, this also concerns aviation,” said Thomas Danielsen, minister of transportation, in a statement, as AFP reported. “It will still be possible to fly, but it must be possible to do this in an environmentally friendly way.”

The tax will apply to flights leaving from Denmark but not those connecting through the country.

A statement from the Danish Ministry of Taxation said the new tax will be approximately $7.35 per passenger for flights within Europe by 2030, $45.33 for medium-distance flights and $59.95 for long flights, reported Reuters.

“I imagine that as the years go by we shall have common European regulation in this area. That would be the right way forward,” said Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities Lars Aagaard, as AFP reported.

Revenue from the new measure is expected to contribute to sustainable fuel use in domestic air transportation by the end of the decade, as well as a pensioner bonus increase of approximately $2.18 billion annually for those receiving the smallest benefits.

According to Our World in Data, transportation as a whole makes up about a quarter of the energy sector’s global carbon footprint. The website pointed out that cycling and walking were pretty much always the least carbon-intensive modes of transportation, adding that, for shorter trips, biking instead of driving a car reduces travel emissions by approximately 75 percent.

Meanwhile, domestic air travel is the most carbon-intensive way to get around.

“Flying takes a toll on the climate, which is why we need to equip our flight sector with green wings,” Aagaard said after the measure was first proposed last month, as reported by The Washington Post.

According to the International Energy Agency, two percent of all carbon dioxide emissions from the energy sector came from the aviation industry in 2022.

“Many technical measures related to low-emission fuels, improvements in airframes and engines, operational optimisation and demand restraint solutions are needed to curb growth in emissions and ultimately reduce them this decade in order to get on track with the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) Scenario,” the IEA website said.

The Danish government’s goal is to have the nation’s first exclusively green-fueled domestic route operating by 2025, CNN reported.

“The aviation sector in Denmark must – just like all other industries – reduce its climate footprint and move towards a green future,” Aagaard said in November, as reported by CNN.

The post Denmark Introduces Green Tax on Airline Passengers appeared first on EcoWatch.

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Brazil’s Congress Overturns Lula’s Veto of Limit to Indigenous Land Claims

Brazil’s Congress has overturned President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva’s veto that had struck down the heart of a bill — backed by the farm lobby — to limit Indigenous land claims, setting the stage for a likely Supreme Court battle.

The case surrounded claims to Indigenous ancestral lands that the bill stipulated needed to be physically occupied on October 5, 1988 — the date Brazil’s constitution was made into law — in order for Indigenous Peoples to be able to claim land allotments, reported The Hill.

“We have watched the entire world at COP28 saying that we need to change the direction the planet is taking, but congress has just withdrawn the rights from the people who point to the future of the planet,” said leftist member of congress Tarcísio Motta, who had voted against the bill, as The New York Times reported.

Lawmakers voted overwhelmingly to overturn the veto signed by President Lula, so now the matter is expected to go to the country’s Supreme Court, which already ruled earlier this year that the 1988 deadline was unconstitutional.

Following the announcement of the vote, protestors wearing traditional dress danced and chanted outside congress.

“What happened in Congress is the path to destruction,” Chief of the Kayapo People Raoni Metuktire told Reuters.

Lula promised to recognize pending Indigenous land claims when he took office at the start of this year and created the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples. His veto in October was viewed as a major victory for Brazil’s 1.6 million Indigenous citizens. Many of their land rights have been threatened by agricultural interests in the Amazon.

The deadline did not take forced displacements and expulsions of Indigenous Peoples — especially during the country’s military dictatorship of 1964 to 1985 — into account, Indigenous rights groups say, making the deadline unjust, reported The Hill.

“It is a very contradictory situation for the country to have a policy to cut deforestation, and, on the other hand, have a Congress that fights tirelessly to end the richest instrument we have for protecting the Amazon: the Indigenous lands,” said Marcio Astrini, Climate Observatory’s executive-secretary, as The New York Times reported.

Advocates and leaders of Indigenous groups say preserving their ancestral lands protects the Amazon rainforest, an essential ecosystem in the fight against climate change.

“The defeated are those who are not fighting. Congress approved the deadline bill and other crimes against Indigenous peoples,” Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (APIB), an Indigenous rights group, said on social media, as reported by The Associated Press. “We will continue to challenge this.”

The post Brazil’s Congress Overturns Lula’s Veto of Limit to Indigenous Land Claims appeared first on EcoWatch.

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En la Amazonía ecuatoriana, el petróleo amenaza décadas de esfuerzos de conservación liderados por indígenas

Esta nota fue producida por Grist y fue publicada en colaboración con InfoAmazonia. Read this story in English.

Albeiro Mendúa estaba todavía en la escuela primaria cuando el bloqueo empezó. Durante diez días, en octubre de 1998, centenas de indígenas A’i Cofán se unieron para impedir que trabajadores petroleros ingresaran a la comunidad. Indignados por el crudo que se había derramado en sus arroyos y ríos, los A’i Cofán demandaban el cierre de Dureno 1, el pozo responsable de la contaminación, y que Petroecuador — la empresa petrolera estatal de Ecuador — abandonara el área.

“Antes de que llegaran las compañías petroleras, la comunidad siempre vivió en paz y todos éramos amigos”, dijo Mendúa. “Cuando era niño, salía a jugar y había armonía entre las familias y los líderes, pero ahora eso ha cambiado”.

En el transcurso de la protesta, el ejército ecuatoriano fue llamado para vigilar la situación. Pero al final, la presión ejercida por A’i Cofán se volvió demasiado para la dirección de la empresa: el gobierno aceptó sus demandas y accedió a cerrar temporalmente el pozo.

signs in Spanish with the Ecuador flag held by protesters
Un grupo de ecuatorianos indígenas y activistas ambientales se congregan frente a la oficina del procurador del estado en Quito en 1998 para exigir el apoyo del gobierno en su demanda contra la empresa petrolera Texaco. Martin Berenetti / AFP via Getty Images

En 1969, Texaco perforó el pozo Dureno 1 dentro del territorio del pueblo indígena A’i Cofán. Pero para 1992, el pozo cambió de manos, convirtiéndose eventualmente en propiedad de Petroecuador, al igual que el patrimonio mineral; en Ecuador, las comunidades indígenas como A’i Cofán suelen tener títulos de propiedad de la tierra, pero los minerales subyacentes, como el petróleo y el gas, el cobre y el oro, pertenecen al Estado.

Desde el descubrimiento del petróleo, la aldea A’i Cofán de Dureno en la parte noreste de la Amazonía ecuatoriana ha sido amenazada por una creciente industria energética junto con un explosivo aumento de la población, la expansión de la agricultura e intensa deforestación. Más de dos tercios de la deforestación de las últimas dos décadas ocurrieron entre 1990 y 2000. Al mismo tiempo, la población de la región aumentó a un ritmo del cinco por ciento cada año.

Tras el cierre del pozo Dureno 1, los A’i Cofán vivieron en paz. A la edad de 18, Mendúa recibió una beca para asistir a la universidad en la ciudad de Cuenca, a 432 millas (695 km) de distancia. Se graduó en 2010, con la Licenciatura en Ciencias de la Educación e Investigación en Culturas Amazónicas. Su siguiente meta: llevar lo que aprendió de vuelta a casa en defensa de su comunidad.

Cuando llegó a su hogar, notó un cambio. Petroecuador había regresado, y esta vez, tenían una nueva táctica: ofrecer incentivos a la comunidad, dividir y perforar. En lo que se refería al desarrollo económico o la protección de las tierras, las familias comenzaron a pelear y los amigos estaban en conflicto.

a man stands in front of a glass building holding a long carved stick.
Albeiro Mendúa posa para una foto cerca de un grupo de policías. Courtesy of Albeiro Mendúa

En aquella época, su comunidad sobrevivía cazando, pescando y recolectando frutos, y Mendúa trabajó para desarrollar proyectos que protegieran su forma de vida y sus derechos. Durante algún tiempo, Mendúa fue vicepresidente de la Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana, una organización indígena que representa a cerca de 1,500 comunidades en toda la Amazonía, y ahora es líder de la Fundación Hijos de la Selva, una organización ambiental enfocada en los derechos indígenas.

“Seguimos luchando y resistiendo”, señaló Mendúa. “Pero los líderes deben estar atentos y nosotros necesitamos defendernos”. 

El pueblo A’i Cofán posee títulos legales de más de 1,500 millas cuadradas (3,885 km²) de tierra en cinco territorios soberanos del noreste, a lo largo de los ríos Aguarico y San Miguel, que albergan densos bosques tropicales ricos en plantas y animales. A lo largo de Aguarico, que comienza en las montañas de los Andes y recorre 230 millas (370 km), canales estrechos y lagunas sirven de hogar a delfines, manatíes y caimanes.

En 2008, el Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica de Ecuador, también conocido por su acrónimo MAE, se acercó a los A’i Cofán con una propuesta para proteger sus tierras de origen, pagando a los habitantes para que cuiden sus bosques.

hands hold an electronic device with a screen and buttons
a line of people carry supplies while walking through high grass

Un grupo de guardias indígenas A’i Cofán recorren su territorio para denunciar la entrada de cazadores y empresas de minería y petróleo en sus tierras en Sinangoe, Ecuador, el día 11 de septiembre de 2022. Rodrigo Buendia / AFP via Getty Images

Al principio, muchos de los pobladores rechazaron la idea, temiendo que fuera una estrategia del gobierno ecuatoriano para obtener control de su territorio. Sin embargo, después de varios intentos de cortejar a los A’i Cofán y de reunirse con miembros de la comunidad durante asambleas abiertas, el pueblo A’i Cofán decidió de manera unánime firmar un acuerdo con el MAE, y en 2008, hicieron precisamente eso, uniéndose al proyecto nacional llamado Socio Bosque, un programa crucial en la promesa del gobierno para desarrollar iniciativas que protejan la naturaleza y los ecosistemas ante el desarrollo.

“La decisión se tomó en conjunto, con la participación de los jóvenes, ancianos, mujeres, expertos y líderes”, contó Mendúa. “Comenzamos con 27 millas cuadradas (70 km²)  de área de conservación, y fue allí donde levantamos la guardia. Trabajamos duro en la recuperación de la flora y fauna, y la comunidad respetó los términos”.

Hoy en día, la región de Dureno es uno de los 222 sitios de Socio Bosque a lo largo de Ecuador, y consta de 6,330 millas cuadradas (16,395 km²) de tierra protegida, de las cuales, casi 5,605 millas cuadradas (14,517km²) pertenecen a comunidades indígenas y a otros convenios de terratenientes. En Dureno, los A’i Cofán reciben alrededor de $54,000 cada año a través de Socio Bosque, y el dinero se usa para capacitar a guardias forestales, mejorar las estrategias de vigilancia, y proteger el territorio de mineros ilegales y otras amenazas.

a woman in a green shirt stands amongst other people looking off into the side of the image
La líder indígena A’i Cofán Alexandra Narváez participa en una reunión de la guardia indígena que protege a los territorios indígenas de la exploración de recursos naturales, en Sinangoe, Ecuador el día 11 de septiembre de 2022.
Rodrigo Buendia / AFP via Getty Images

“Los A’i Cofán siempre han sido guardianes de los bosques sin recibir nada a cambio”, dijo Medardo Ortiz, quien también es miembro y extesorero de la comunidad indígena A’i Cofán de Dureno. Dice que el acuerdo les permitió “obtener recursos económicos y cubrir las necesidades de las familias”.

Los bosques dentro del territorio A’i Cofán son algunas de las últimas zonas de bosques prístinos que quedan en la Amazonía ecuatoriana y abarcan casi 7,000 millas cuadradas (18,129 km²). A través del programa Socio Bosque, unos 800 miembros de la comunidad reciben pagos, colectivamente, para proteger 30 millas cuadradas (78 km²) de tierra de la tala y la apropiación de tierras agrícolas, preservando al mismo tiempo el terreno. El dinero es una ganancia inesperada en una región donde 60 por ciento de la población vive por debajo del umbral de la pobreza, y el programa funciona. Para 2025, el programa pretende proteger otras 7,000 millas cuadradas (18,129 km²) de bosque.

“En general, los índices de deforestación en el noreste de la Amazonía ecuatoriana se han mantenido relativamente sin cambios o incluso han disminuido en algunas áreas desde comienzos de los años 2000”, indicó Santiago Lopez, profesor asociado de geografía y medio ambiente en la Universidad de Washington, Bothell. “Socio Bosque es un programa muy útil y ha permitido a individuos y comunidades beneficiarse financieramente de la preservación de sus bosques”.

Pero la expansión del desarrollo energético en Dureno y sus alrededores, de nuevo, amenaza con debilitar el proyecto Socio Bosque, potencialmente arruinando décadas de esfuerzos de conservación y poniendo en peligro millones de dólares de financiamiento internacional ligados directamente al programa estatal de áreas protegidas.

a man holds up his hand doward a small drone plane while another sits on the ground looking up
Dos guardias indígenas A’i Cofán preparan volar un dron para vigilar el Río Aguarico para denunciar la entrada de cazadores y empresas de minería y petróleo en sus tierras en Sinangoe, Ecuador, el día 11 de septiembre de 2022. Rodrigo Buendia / AFP via Getty Images

Desde 2012, Petroecuador ha perforado 70 nuevos pozos a través de 155 millas cuadradas (401 km²) de selva amazónica ecuatoriana, creando el campo petrolero más grande del país e incrementando la producción en aproximadamente 75,000 barriles por día. Y en 2017, el gobierno de Ecuador anunció planes para expandir la perforación.

El año pasado, Ecuador produjo aproximadamente 482,000 barriles de petróleo por día, cuya mayoría provenía de la región amazónica. Más del 60 por ciento de la Amazonía ecuatoriana está bajo concesión petrolera con casi 28,000 millas cuadradas (72,520 km²) de bloques petroleros en operación. Para 2025, se espera que la producción aumente hasta 756,000 barriles por día.

Cerca de Dureno, unos 70 pozos petroleros perforados antes y después de 2012 rodean el área protegida de Socio Bosque y dos están produciendo petróleo dentro de los límites establecidos. Los frecuentes derrames de petróleo de dichos pozos polucionan las tierras y aguas que están conectadas a Socio Bosque, contaminando vías acuáticas y causando graves pérdidas y daños a la biodiversidad de la región, amenazando los últimos bosques subdesarrollados de la región. Entre 2012 y 2022, se reportaron un estimado de 959 casos de daños causados por petróleo en 51 diferentes tierras indígenas alrededor del país. 

“Todos los desechos y contaminación de ese campo van hacia los ríos que atraviesan la comunidad”, comentó Alexandra Almeida, coordinadora de asuntos petroleros en Acción Ecológica, una organización de defensa ambiental con sede en Quito, Ecuador. “El pueblo A’i Cofán de Dureno está muy afectado. Ya no pueden cazar ni pescar. Es realmente trágico”.

De forma más amplia, un total de 68 pozos petroleros están ubicados dentro de áreas protegidas regidas por los acuerdos de Socio Bosque, o dentro de los límites de las 31 millas (50 km) protegidas, mientras que tres campos petroleros propiedad del Estado se superponen a las tierras de Socio Bosque. Un campo, el bloque Shushufindi, generó cerca del 12 por ciento de la producción total de petróleo crudo del país en 2022.

A medida que la exploración del petróleo comienza a devorar los bosques de Ecuador, Socio Bosque brinda una ventana a cuán protegidas están en realidad las zonas cuando se enfrentan al encanto de las ganancias por petróleo y gas. 

“Pienso que tiene buenas intenciones”, dijo Kevin Koenig, Director de Clima, Energía e Industrias Extractivas de Amazon Watch. “Existen un montón de preguntas en torno a si el programa está realmente logrando lo que debe lograr”.

two women stand inside a wooden house with a hammock and colorful cloth
Las ecuatorianas Cofán Telia Chapal, al lado izquierdo, y Mariana Anguinda, al lado derecho, dentro de su casa en el pueblo de Dureno. Rodrigo Buendia / AFP via Getty Images

En 2008, el pueblo Shuar Arutam se convirtió en la primera comunidad en hacer convenio con Socio Bosque. Con territorios entre los ríos Santiago, Zamora y Kuankus en la región sureste de Ecuador, el acuerdo cubrió cerca de 800 millas cuadradas (2,072 km²) de tierra y brindó apoyo a casi 100,000 personas en 27 comunidades Shuar.

Los Shuar obtuvieron un ingreso anual de $452,000 que se usó para conservar los bosques, mejorar las finanzas de la comunidad y construir instalaciones educativas para sus hijos. Pero a pesar de firmar contratos con el gobierno, en 2019, funcionarios ecuatorianos otorgaron varias concesiones mineras a compañías de propiedad canadiense, china y australiana dentro de las áreas protegidas establecidas.

“A las familias que nunca se habían beneficiado de las instituciones públicas del Estado se les dieron recursos para la educación, salud, desarrollo productivo”, señaló Jamie Palomino, presidente de la comunidad Shuar Arutam. “La idea era buena, pero el Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica se aprovechó de esta oportunidad para distraernos y seguir avanzando con los permisos para las concesiones mineras, que no era la visión de nuestro pueblo”.

A lo largo de 2020, la expresidenta Josefina Tunki y otros activistas presentaron una serie de demandas al gobierno ecuatoriano, con el objetivo principal de que se retiraran los contratos. Como respuesta, fueron objeto de amenazas y acoso por parte de las compañías mineras y el Estado. 

En 2020, las autoridades ecuatorianas llevaron a cabo redadas violentas en la comunidad y ese mismo año, Josefina Tunki, quien ganó notoriedad como líder clave en la resistencia comunitaria, recibió amenazas de muerte del vicepresidente de Solaris, Federico Velásquez, quien supuestamente le dijo, “Si sigues molestándome con denuncias nacionales e internacionales, tendremos que degollar a alguien”.

Como resultado del otorgamiento de concesiones por parte del Estado dentro de áreas regidas por contratos de Socio Bosque, el MAE rescindió su contrato con el pueblo Shuar Arutam, alegando que la comunidad no cumplió con los requisitos del programa. Según un informe publicado por Amazon Watch sobre Socio Bosque, investigadores calificaron la implementación “plagada de irregularidades e inconsistencias”.

“El gobierno falló en brindar apoyo para la adecuada implementación del acuerdo e incluso permitió que compañías mineras ingresaran en el territorio [del pueblo Shuar Arutam]”, apuntó el informe. “La terminación del programa ha creado aún más dificultades económicas [para los pueblos Shuar Arutam], creando división entre las comunidades y familias que podrían conducirlos a los brazos de las compañías mineras  — un resultado perverso de un programa destinado a la protección del bosque”.

Torsten Krause, profesor titular de ciencias de la sostenibilidad en el Centro de Estudios de Sostenibilidad de la Universidad de Lund, ha investigado los beneficios de conservación del programa Socio Bosque.

“La gente estaba confundida porque el Estado venía y les pedía que se unieran a este plan de conservación por 20 años y luego, el mismo Estado, tan solo una semana después, regresó y les dijo que estaban buscando abrir una mina o subastar los derechos de licencia para la extracción de petróleo allí”, indicó Krause. “Ellos estaban como, ‘Espera un segundo, ¿quieren que firmemos este contrato, pero luego también aprobarán las concesiones petroleras?’. Eso es confuso”.

Cada contrato de Socio Bosque tiene una vigencia de 20 años y el MAE paga a los propietarios de tierras para proteger su territorio. Para garantizar su cumplimiento, la oficina central de Socio Bosque, con sede en Quito, supervisa cada sitio mediante sensores remotos y visitas semestrales al campo. Cada vez que las comunidades violan los términos del contrato, se pierde un pago. Si la violación es provocada por alguien ajeno a la comunidad – como una maderera ilegal, por ejemplo – los beneficiarios deben reportar el incidente a la oficina central en un plazo de cinco días o perderán el pago. Después de tres violaciones consecutivas, Socio Bosque puede dar por terminado el contrato y obligar a los propietarios de tierras a que regresen un porcentaje de los pagos recibidos desde el principio del contrato. 

En casos donde los propietarios de tierras no cumplan con las obligaciones contractuales debido a proyectos auspiciados por el Estado, las comunidades siguen comprometidas a pagar.

“Reconocemos que todavía existen desafíos que atender”, dijo Luis Suárez, vicepresidente de Conservación Internacional en Ecuador. “Confiamos en que, a través de esfuerzos coordinados entre el gobierno, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y la cooperación técnica internacional, estas preocupaciones pueden abordarse respetando los derechos de las comunidades locales y conservando la naturaleza”. 

Los terrenos de Socio Bosque son considerados zonas protegidas bajo el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Ecuador y forman parte del esquema nacional REDD+ —un programa internacional voluntario para mitigar el cambio climático, desarrollado por la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, destinado a reducir la deforestación y degradación forestal pagándoles a las comunidades para que detengan el desarrollo y conserven los ecosistemas. El objetivo es incentivar la conservación, mejorar las condiciones de vida de las comunidades involucradas con el trabajo, y reducir las emisiones de gas de efecto invernadero en aproximadamente 52 millones de millas cuadradas (más de 134.6 millones de km²) de áreas forestales en 60 países. 

Las organizaciones indígenas y de la sociedad civil a menudo rechazan programas que otorgan pagos por servicios ecosistémicos o ambientales, también conocidos como PSA, que entregan a los propietarios de tierras y comunidades transferencias monetarias para mejorar los resultados de conservación, como es el caso del programa REDD+ de la ONU, porque dicen que “no es una solución real para enfrentar el cambio climático”.

a man holds a sign that says REDD with a slash through it while standing in front of police officers
Un activista de Vía Campesina, un movimiento internacional de campesinos, manifiesta contra REDD, un programa de la ONU para reducir deforestación y la degradación forestal en los países en desarrollo, al lado de policía durante la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático en Cancún, México, el día 7 de diciembre de 2010. Eduardo Verdugo / AP Photo

Un estudio reciente del Proyecto de Comercio de Carbono de Berkeley sobre las principales metodologías empleadas por REDD+ halló que los gerentes de proyecto suelen “estirar la realidad y crear una gran cantidad de créditos de carbono para proyectos que tienen impactos climáticos cuestionables”. Sus hallazgos levantan dudas sobre la efectividad y credibilidad de los proyectos de REDD+, y los expertos piden mayor transparencia en la contabilidad de carbono y mayores salvaguardias para las comunidades indígenas.

En Ecuador, el programa Socio Bosque también tiene sus críticos. En lugar de proteger tierra para la conservación, la Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador, o CONAIE, y la Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana, también conocida como CONFENIAE, argumentan que Socio Bosque es una amenaza para las tierras, tradiciones e identidades indígenas. Para ellos, el programa no aborda los verdaderos generadores del cambio climático, como la extracción y quema de combustibles fósiles, la agroindustria y la deforestación, que amenazan el medio ambiente y sus medios de vida.

En una carta dirigida a la Secretaría General de la ONU en 2011, CONAIE señaló: “Nos oponemos a las políticas que se están desarrollando en Ecuador, como el plan Socio Bosque, así como a las nuevas regulaciones ambientales que apuntan a comercializar nuestros bosques, agua y biodiversidad. Y de manera similar rechazamos las iniciativas privadas de apropiarse tierras y vender servicios ambientales”. Para combatir el cambio climático, las políticas deben respetar los derechos de los pueblos indígenas y detener la expansión del petróleo y la agroindustria, argumentaron.

Más de $50 millones se han invertido en el programa Socio Bosque desde que comenzó el proyecto. La mayor parte del dinero proviene de Ecuador, pero lo complementan instituciones internacionales y donadores privados.

En 2014, Banco del Pacifico, un banco del sector privado con sede en Ecuador, firmó un contrato de 3 años con Socio Bosque para otorgar $8,635 al año para conservar y restaurar los ecosistemas de Ecuador. Ese mismo año, General Motors firmó un contrato de 5 años, en el que prometió transferir $23 por cada 2.4 acres de áreas protegidas cada año. Pero, por mucho, el donador más grande del programa es

KfW, un banco de inversión y desarrollo de propiedad estatal alemana, que firmó un contrato con Ecuador en junio de 2010 y que ha otorgado al programa un total de $29.4 millones.

“El marco legal existente de Ecuador crea la posibilidad de superponer áreas mineras con áreas de Socio Bosque, lo que, desde nuestra perspectiva, definitivamente no es lo ideal”, comentó un representante de KfW. “Consideramos que, en general, el programa Socio Bosque es una historia de éxito en la protección de los bosques tropicales. Sin embargo, definitivamente también seguiremos considerando cuidadosamente cualquier cambio futuro, impactos no intencionales o fallas técnicas del programa, antes de cualquier financiamiento adicional”.

Entonces están los detalles. Cuando Petroecuador quiera perforar en busca de petróleo en un nuevo sitio, deberán obtener una licencia ambiental. Para ello, deberán conseguir un certificado de intersección del MAE que corrobore que el área propuesta para la perforación no se superpone con un área protegida a nivel nacional. Los terrenos de Socio Bosque son consideradas zonas protegidas por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Ecuador, pero Petroecuador lo niega. “Nuestras licencias ambientales no requieren certificados de intersección para áreas privadas dentro del programa Socio Bosque”, afirmó un representante de la compañía, añadiendo que “Socio Bosque no es una área protegida”.

De acuerdo con Verónica Andrade Estrada, directora técnica de Socio Bosque, en áreas donde existen concesiones otorgadas por el gobierno de Ecuador para el desarrollo del petróleo y gas, “estas áreas se retiran del polígono de conservación, ya que dentro de las propiedades bajo conservación no es posible desarrollar industrias extractivas”, indicó.

an aerial view of an oil rig in a deforested area in the jungle
Una plataforma petrolera de Petroecuador busca petróleo en un campo cercado por una plantación de palma africana, en el Oriente. Ann Johansson / Corbis via Getty Images

“De acuerdo con nuestro entendimiento del marco legal, un incumplimiento del acuerdo debido, por ejemplo, a actividades patrocinadas por el gobierno, no da como resultado que un socio incumpla el contrato y, por lo tanto, el socio no tiene que reembolsar el incentivo”, dijo un representante de KfW. “En este caso, debería llegarse a una recesión del contrato de común acuerdo”.

Los representantes de Socio Bosque no respondieron a las solicitudes de una aclaración o preguntas detalladas sobre la necesidad de las comunidades de pagarle al Estado por sus actividades de desarrollo en áreas protegidas contractualmente.

Si bien Socio Bosque canaliza $7.9 millones en inversiones por año para el medio ambiente, ese ingreso palidece en comparación con las ganancias del petróleo: en los primeros tres meses de 2023, el gobierno ecuatoriano recibió $1,500 millones en ingresos por las exportaciones de petróleo de Petroecuador.

“Para mantener una coexistencia armoniosa con los proyectos que se implementan en beneficio del desarrollo del país, Socio Bosque realiza una revisión exhaustiva de los planes de manejo ambiental que se presentan previo a la entrega de licencias que se superponen con las áreas de Socio Bosque”, señaló el Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica. En esos casos, se establecen “medidas preventivas, mitigantes y compensatorias específicas” y, “si el Estado prioriza la extracción de recursos, el área es retirada del esquema de conservación”.


En 2021, cuando Guillermo Lasso, el presidente saliente de la nación, llegó al poder, anunció que quería “extraer hasta la última gota de beneficio de nuestro petróleo” en Ecuador. En 2022, su administración comenzó a negociar con Silverio Criollo, expresidente A’i Cofán de Dureno, para tener más pozos dentro de los límites de Socio Bosque –una negociación que encendió divisiones dentro de la comunidad.

“Fue un golpe duro”, afirmó Albeiro Mendúa. “Nos quejamos con el gobierno y dijimos que teníamos una acuerdo firmado y que debían respetarlo”.

a group of people stand in a lush forest
Miembros de la comunidad A’i Cofán en Dureno hacen un bloqueo para prevenir la entrada de trabajadores petroleros en el sitio propuesto para la exploración. CONAIE

Tan solo meses después de reunirse con Criollo, el gobierno ecuatoriano autorizó la construcción de 30 nuevos pozos petroleros por Petroecuador, y para junio de 2022, los

A’i Cofán de nuevo habían construído un bloqueo para evitar que los trabajadores petroleros ingresaran a la comunidad. El enfrentamiento se prolongó hasta el 12 de enero de 2023, cuando miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas y la Policía Nacional de Ecuador trataron de desalojarlos, lo que dio como resultado una confrontación violenta que dejó seis personas gravemente heridas.

Luego, el 26 de febrero, el hermano de Mendúa, Eduardo, uno de los rostros más prominentes dentro de la resistencia de la comunidad contra Petroecuador y el entonces presidente Criollo, fue asesinado afuera de su casa, en su jardín.

La Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador, o CONAIE, y otras organizaciones no gubernamentales, junto con integrantes de la familia Mendúa, han acusado a Petroecuador de ser responsable del ataque. Petroecuador niega las acusaciones añadiendo que la compañía ha “estado en conversaciones constantes con las comunidades y los A’i Cofán están plenamente informados sobre la intervención de la compañía petrolera en su territorio”, dijo la gerente subrogante de Petroecuador, María Soledispa. 

A group of people gather looking somber. A man in a black hat speaks toward a table covered in several microphones. Next to him, a man in a black shirt and elaborate beaded necklaces listens.
Leonidas Iza, presidente de CONAIE, habla durante el funeral de Eduardo Mendúa. Albeiro Mendúa está sentado a su lado izquierdo. CONAIE

“Dureno se ha convertido en una zona de conflicto”, señaló Mendúa. “He tenido que dejar la comunidad para vivir en otro lugar por mi seguridad personal”.

Mendúa ahora pasa sus días en el exilio de Dureno, haciendo campaña en contra de las operaciones petroleras a distancia. Vivir en su casa, dice, conlleva constantes amenazas de muerte por parte de trabajadores petroleros y miembros de la comunidad a favor de la exploración petrolera, y el asesinato de su hermano es un recordatorio de cuán reales son esas amenazas.

En agosto, el 60 por ciento de los ecuatorianos votaron para liberar al parque nacional Yasuní, un área protegida de 3,948 millas cuadradas (10,225 km²) y hogar de varias comunidades indígenas aisladas, de la exploración petrolera en un referéndum histórico. El resultado, que requerirá que Petroecuador deje más de 726 millones de barriles de petróleo bajo tierra, fue aclamado como una victoria por los defensores del medio ambiente alrededor del mundo.

“Esto nos demuestra que el más grande consenso nacional en este momento es la defensa de la naturaleza, la defensa de los pueblos y nacionalidades indígenas, la defensa de la vida”, dijo Pedro Bermo, portavoz del colectivo ambiental Yasunidos, en un comunicado.

Pero Mendúa se siente menos esperanzado en torno a los resultados. Dice que las comunidades en territorios fuera de Yasuní no están a salvo. “Estamos seguros, o al menos yo lo estoy, de que el gobierno intentará entrar por la fuerza”.

Mendúa dice que ahora está trabajando para idear proyectos alternativos que la comunidad pueda emprender para proteger sus hogares y mantener alejadas a las compañías petroleras. Él y otros están luchando por el derecho legal de gestionar más de sus territorios históricos y ancestrales, algo que creen fortalecería la supervivencia del pueblo Cofán y representaría una gran victoria para la conservación.

“Tenemos la capacidad de manejar y defender estos territorios”, aseguró Mendúa. “Nuestra lucha no solo es por los Cofán — también estamos luchando contra el cambio climático”.

This story was originally published by Grist with the headline En la Amazonía ecuatoriana, el petróleo amenaza décadas de esfuerzos de conservación liderados por indígenas on Dec 15, 2023.

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